Climate Letter #1616

A new study finds that earlier spring leaf-out amplifies temperature warming in northern areas (Nature Climate Change).  The early leaf-out is a regular response to the warming caused by greenhouse gases.  This study found feedbacks that added as much as 0.7C to those increases, which helps to explain why the northern warming rate is so high.  The research was handled in a thorough manner that gives it good marks for credibility.

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An old hypothesis explaining the behavior of the CO2 level during the ice ages has gained support (Nature – News & Views).  “Thirty years ago this month, John Martin proposed a solution to one of the biggest mysteries of Earth’s climate system: how was nearly one-third of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (about 200 gigatonnes of carbon) drawn into the ocean as the planet entered the most recent ice age, then stored for tens of thousands of years, and released again as the ice sheets melted?”  The answer in part has to do with enhanced iron fertilization of microorganisms, and evidence has been found that accounts for about half of the CO2 changes.  (This reads like any good story that teaches as it flows.)
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A separate study just published adds another layer of explanation to the same basic phenomenon encountered in the story above (Institute for Basic Science).  “They found that under glacial conditions sea ice not only inhibits outgassing of carbon dioxide from the surface ocean to the atmosphere, but it also increases storage of carbon  in the deep ocean. These processes lock away extra carbon in the ocean that would otherwise escape to the atmosphere as CO2, warm the planet, and reduce glacial amplitudes.”  The effect is enhanced by steady expansion of Antarctic sea ice as a positive feedback to the initial cooling process, all of which is later reversed when things are warming up again.
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An exciting new concept for energy storage has proven to be effective (University College London).  “While at the proof-of-concept stage, it shows enormous potential as a portable power supply in several practical applications including electric vehicles, phones and wearable technology…..Our new supercapacitor is extremely promising for next-generation energy storage technology…..We designed materials which would give our supercapacitor a high power density – that is how fast it can charge or discharge – and a high energy density – which will determine how long it can run for. Normally, you can only have one of these characteristics but our supercapacitor provides both, which is a critical breakthrough…..after 5,000 cycles, it retained 97.8% of its capacity.”  The research was published in a highly rated journal, Nature Energy.
Carl

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