New research improves our understanding of how heat is stored and transported within ocean basins. One big takeaway is simply a confirmation of the fact that when we talk about how the planet is warming due to the greenhouse effect, over 90% of that warming is actually stored in ocean water. The remainder is divided up into relatively small amounts stored in rocks, soils, vegetation, waters and other densely-packed materials found on land surfaces, plus an increment that is kept in the atmosphere as the outpouring of heat energy back to space is being progressively retarded, plus yet another increment that is converted to a different kind of energy altogether when ice melts to water. We also learn more about the uneven way that ocean water heats up and how heated water is transported from place to place in the regions down below. The total rate of accumulation appears to have been remarkably steady over different time periods. No reason for this is given, but I think it is something that needs an explanation. How oceans heat up, and what that means over centuries and millennia to come, is a subject of at least as much importance as the atmospheric heating we always talk about.
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–The full study, which is interesting but also puzzling in some respects, has open access:
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An annual report from Munich Re on the global cost of natural disasters in 2018. The financial toll was far below the $350 billion recorded the previous year in a record hurricane season, but above the 30-year average of $140 billion. The US suffered the heaviest losses from disasters globally, mainly from wildfires and hurricanes.
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A video interview with prominent climate scientist Michael Mann. Michael has never been known to shy away from saying things people would rather not hear about, in contrast with the reputation gained by the IPCC. This piece, which was issued by YouTube a few months ago, gives us the latest thinking of a well-informed leader.
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Katherine Hayhoe is another climate scientist who has become popular by making an extraordinary effort to reach out to young people with educational materials about the dangers of climate change. She has a website of the very uncomplicated sort that could be useful to someone you know:
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Coverage of the human response to the urgent need for climate action by PBS NewsHour. This written report does an unusually credible job, for a media outlet, of analyzing some of the underlying problems and recommending approaches that could lead to improvement. The producer gave this a lot of good thought.
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Another step forward for hydrogen-powered passenger trains. They are a perfect replacement for trains that now run on diesel, and will be rolled out in the UK by 2022.
Carl