Climate Letter #937

Five charts show important changes in global energy usage.  The fourth chart makes it clear that stopping the rise in carbon emissions is dependent on what happens in Asia.  From there, the actual accomplishment of declines will be everyone’s business, with the goal of reducing emissions to zero in thirty or forty years obviously being a challenge.

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A good indicator of the growth in clean energy that lies ahead.  The term “gigafactory” was coined mainly with respect to the way the electric car industry will be meeting its needs for batteries and more.  One facility can support the production of more than one million vehicles.  They are springing up around the world at a remarkable rate.
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A battery technology breakthrough that appears to have real promise.  This one, developed at Harvard, applies to flow batteries, a type that is primarily more adaptable to the needs of primary energy producers than to automobiles.  Conventional flow batteries are inexpensive but have a tendency to degrade at an unacceptable rate.  New materials have been found that are said to overcome that problem.  “Harvard has filed for a number of patents stemming from the research and is already seeking commercial partners to bring the technology to market.”
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A replacement for the Haber-Bosch process for producing ammonia may finally have arrived.  This alternative requires greatly reduced energy consumption and is practical for small-scale production units.  “Using this new method, we can collect highly pure ammonia as compressed liquid and open doors to developing on-demand ammonia production plants that run on renewable energy.”
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How ocean surface temperature changes determine multi-decadal trends in air temperature.  The effect from El Nino is the best known example but far from alone.  This research shows that the net effect from multiple ocean basins is the main driver of these trends.  It seems that heat that is stored in deeper ocean levels has its own set of rules about when to rise to the surface, or otherwise move about.  Bear in mind that about 93% of the excess heat captured by global warming originally enters the oceans, where it circulates in storage for an extended period of time before being released to the atmosphere.
–Take a good look at the Sea Surface Temperature anomaly chart and its large regional variations.  Almost every bit of surface has a significant degree of anomaly that is never permanent.  The anomalies everywhere tend to shift back and forth, from one extreme to the other, at a leisurely and constantly varying pace.  (Scroll down.)
Carl

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