New estimate of actual amounts of aerosol particles. No direct measurement of total airborne particles is currently being performed, so all estimates can only be acquired by modeling. A new modeling approach now lowers the usual estimate of black carbon by a third and raises the estimate of sulfate particles by 40%. Black carbon absorbs all types of energy and thus has a warming effect while sulfates help cool the Earth by reflecting away sunlight. Both types of particles are released by burning fossil fuels. The upshot is that the combined net cooling effect of the two types of particles is much greater than what is shown by existing models, to the present benefit of global temperatures, and therefore the elimination of fossil fuels together with all of these particles would increase the subsequent net warming effect of the outstanding greenhouse gases. (These gases, unlike the particles, would remain in the air for centuries.) In that event we may have to find a way to “put back” the reflective type of particles by geoengineering.
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Can large solar power plants be located in urban areas? A report from Stanford University is quite positive about this possibility. If so it would solve a number of problems wherever space is limited. While the idea may be hard for most of us to imagine it is certainly one that is worth pursuing.
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An overview of the prospects for hydrogen fuels, from BBC. Lots of good information here, both pro and con. I think the game would change if, as recently reported, there is a way to split water at very low cost and also to improve the performance of fuel cells. (See Climate Letter #360.)
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Saudi Aramco is going green. The world’s biggest oil company has no trouble accepting the transition to renewables. The Middle East is actually becoming a hotbed of solar energy development.
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Major gain in cutting battery manufacturing costs, along with higher efficiency. “The cost is estimated to be tens of times cheaper than the platinum/carbon composites used at present,” says Liu.
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The lowdown on next-generation lithium-sulfur batteries. Not yet perfect, but good progress is being made.
Carl