New research shows how the oceans have been adding heat content. The growth of ocean heat content is by far the most fundamental measure of how the planet has been warming. This study offers the best picture yet of how much that content has grown during the fossil fuel era, including the effect of episodes where that growth has been interrupted by major coolings due to volcanic eruptions. The net increase is shown to have doubled just since 1997, helped by the recent absence of unusual volcanoes. During that period the oceans have been warming at a slightly faster rate than the lower atmosphere, which is regarded as a temporal phenomenon.
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Extra comment: I think there are good reasons, not often explained, why the oceans absorb so much more heat than the continents. In part, they are twice as large in area, and their surface is on average less reflective of the sun’s rays. Even more, it is because land stops the sun’s rays and collects energy right at the surface, where the heat that’s created is easily emitted upward and outward as infrared. Because water is transparent, sunlight penetrates its surface to considerable depths, stopped along the way by bits and pieces of matter, living or not, that can absorb it. A good part of that matter will be pulled downward by currents and such before it can give off much heat near the surface. Finally, water is a much better conductor of heat than soil or rock, as well as ice or snow, all of which act more as insulators to things below.
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An in-depth look at the problem of toxic air pollution. It is not all due to fossil fuel burning, but that is where the growth is, tied to the workings of rapid industrialization and urbanization. Extreme limits of tolerability are being breached, ensuring that a search for cures cannot wait. Climate ought to be a timely beneficiary in its own right.
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An in-depth look at the prospects for perovskite solar cells. They hold great promise but are not yet ready for marketing. With great progress recorded in just six years of development, the degree of active interest is truly intense.
A new discovery, just announced, will make perovskite cells even cheaper to produce and also more efficient. This is sure to facilitate and accelerate the pathway to commercialization.
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An interesting study about the cause of unusually high CO2 emissions in the deep past. Scientists have been measuring CO2 flux rates around fault systems in the East African Rift, gaining new knowledge and interpretations about what goes on underneath. They conclude that “Widespread continental rifting and super-continent breakup could produce massive, long-term CO2 emissions and contribute to prolonged greenhouse conditions like those of the Cretaceous.” They also note that humans today are doing something comparable in scale, but much, much more rapidly.
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Scientific American discusses the Anthropocene with the authors of a new study.
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